TIPE CONFLICT OF INTEREST
Real » Timbul jika aksi dengan motivasi yang tidak tepat terjadi
Contoh :
“Ratusan Petani Blokade Jalinsum”
MESUJI - Ratusan petani penggarap di wilayah Pekat, kawasan Hutan Register 45, Kabupaten Mesuji, Provinsi Lampung, memblokade jalan lintas timur Sumatera di ruas Mesuji Ogan Komering Ilir (OKI), Sumsel, Selasa (22/2/2011).
Mereka menentang kegiatan penggusuran tempat tinggal mereka oleh ratusan aparat gabungan dari kepolisian, polisi hutan, dan pemerintah daerah setempat.
Ratusan orang yang disebut pemerintah setempat sebagai perambah ini telah menduduki jalintim Sumatera sejak sekitar pukul 10.00 WIB. Mereka memblokade jalan dengan membakar ban-ban berukuran besar dan menumpuk batang-batang pohon akasia di tengah jalan.
Tak ayal, aksi massa ini mengakibatkan arus kendaraan menjadi terhenti dan menimbulkan kemacetan panjang di jalan yang sehari-harinya padat dengan arus kendaraan ini. Antrean kendaraan mencapai sekitar 3 kilometer, baik dari arah Mesuji, Lampung, maupun OKI, Sumsel.
Aksi massa ini dipicu kemarahan perambah atas kegiatan penertiban kawasan hutan yang dilakukan aparat gabungan sejak Senin (21/2/2011) sore. Hingga berita ini diturunkan, tim gabungan masih terus melakukan pembongkaran rumah-rumah semi-permanen yang ditinggali warga.
Kawasan hutan Register 45 telah didiami ribuan petani perambah, salah satunya di wilayah Pekat, sejak bertahun-tahun. Hak penguasaan hutan ini dimiliki PT Silva Inhutani selaku pemegang hak pengelolaan hutan tanaman industri (HPHTI).
Potential » Timbul jika adanya kesempatan bagi satu komunitas menggiring seseorang untuk bertindak tidak sesuai dengan hatinya.
Contoh :
“Pengakuan Perempuan yang Dipaksa Suami Melacur”
KABUL, — Gadis remaja Afganistan usia 15 tahun yang disiksa berbulan-bulan dalam pernikahan hasil perjodohan akhirnya buka suara untuk pertama kalinya sejak diselamatkan pekan lalu. Ia mengatakan, dirinya berharap suami dan keluarga suaminya dijebloskan ke penjara karena telah melakukan penyiksaan terhadap dirinya.
Gadis malang itu, Sahar Gul, menjadi gambaran buram kondisi hak-hak perempuan Afganistan setelah diselamatkan pada akhir Desember lalu. Penyelamatan terjadi setelah pamannya melapor polisi. Begitu mendengar tentang penyiksaan itu, Presiden Afganistan, Hamid Karzai, telah menegaskan bahwa mereka yang bertanggung jawab akan dihukum.
Saat berbicara dalam sebuah wawancara pada hari Sabtu (7/1/2012) dari sebuah rumah sakit di Kabul, sebagaimana dilansir Daily Mail, Minggu, Gul menyalahkan suami, mertua, serta saudari suaminya atas penderitaan yang dialaminya. "Saya ingin mereka meringkuk di penjara," katanya. "Mereka menyeterum saya dengan sengatan listrik.... Mereka memukuli saya dengan kabel dan menyiksa saya."
Menurut Associated Press, Gul kini dirawat karena sejumlah luka antara lain jari-jari sobek dan kuku-kuku yang copot. Dokter yang merawat Gul, Feriba Omarzada, mengatakan, Gul mulai pulih, tetapi masih trauma. Gul mengalami penderitaan mental dan fisik serta memerlukan waktu perawatan beberapa minggu.
Polisi di Provinsi Baghlan, lokasi Gul diselamatkan, mengatakan, mertuanya mengurung dan menyiksa gadis itu setelah Gul menolak bekerja sebagai pekerja seks. Mertua dan saudara iparnya telah ditangkap. Namun, mereka menyangkal telah melakukan kejahatan. Pihak berwenang Afganistan telah menerbitkan surat perintah penangkapan bagi suaminya, yang bertugas di angkatan darat Afganistan.
Kisah Gul mengguncang Afganistan dan memicu desakan untuk segera mengakhiri pernikahan di bawah umur. Usia pernikahan legal di Afganistan 16 tahun, tetapi lembaga PBB, UN Women, memperkirakan, setengah gadis di negara itu dipaksa menikah sebelum usia 15 tahun. Sahar Gul dalam kondisi kritis ketika diselamatkan dari sebuah rumah di Provinsi Baghlan di utara Afganistan pekan lalu. Polisi mengatakan, mertua Gul mencabut kuku dan rambutnya, dan mengurungnya di kamar mandi ruang bawah tanah yang gelap selama sekitar lima bulan. Ia hanya diberi makanan dan air dalam jumlah sangat terbatas. Keluarga suaminya juga menyundut gadis itu dengan rokok dan mencungkili lukanya dengan tang.
Media lokal, Sabtu, melaporkan, Kepala Keamanan Provinsi Baghlan bagian utara, Jenderal Syed Zamanuddin Hussaini mengungkapkan, ayah mertuanya, yaitu Mohammad Aman, telah ditahan dengan bantuan penduduk di kota Pul-e-Khumri di utara negara itu. Jenderal Hussaini menambahkan, Mohammad Aman telah diajukan ke jaksa agung provinsi dan pasukan keamanan Afganistan sedang berupaya untuk menemukan suaminya. Aman membantah tuduhan bahwa ia menyiksa Gul. Ia mengatakan, gadis itu menderita gangguan kejiwaan.
Rahima Zarifi, kepala urusan perempuan di Baghlan, kepada kantor berita Reuters mengatakan, "Dia (Gul) menikah tujuh bulan lalu, dan berasal dari Provinsi Badakhshan. Mertuanya mencoba untuk memaksa dia jadi pekerja seks demi mendapatkan uang."
Gul penuh bekas luka dan memar. Enam hari setelah dia diselamatkan, sebelah matanya masih bengkak. Dia dirawat di sebuah rumah sakit pemerintah di Kabul, tetapi menurut para dokter, dia mungkin harus dikirim ke India.
"Ini merupakan salah satu kasus terburuk dari kekerasan terhadap perempuan Afganistan. Para pelaku harus dihukum sehingga yang lain bisa mendapat pelajaran dari kasus itu," kata menteri kesehatan Suraya Dalil kepada wartawan setelah bersama menteri urusan perempuan mengunjungi Gul, Sabtu.
Mohammad Zia, seorang pejabat polisi senior di Baghlan, yang membantu menyelamatkan gadis itu, mengatakan, ibu mertua Gul dan adik iparnya telah ditahan, tetapi suaminya telah melarikan diri. "Kami telah melancarkan perburuan serius untuk menangkap suaminya dan orang lain yang terlibat," kata Zia.
Meski ada kemajuan dalam bidang hak-hak dan kebebasan perempuan sejak Taliban tumbang 10 tahun lalu, kaum perempuan di seluruh Afganistan masih menghadapi risiko penculikan, perkosaan, pernikahan paksa, dan diperdagangkan sebagai komoditas. Selain itu, sulit bagi perempuan negeri itu untuk menghindari situasi kekerasan dalam rumah tangga karena adanya tekanan sosial dan kadang-kadang hukum untuk tetap bertahan dalam pernikahan.
Di negara itu, melarikan diri dari suami yang suka menyiksa atau perkawinan paksa juga dianggap "kejahatan moral". Di Afganistan, perempuan bisa dipenjara jika nekat melakukan hal itu. Sejumlah perempuan korban pemerkosaan telah dipenjara karena dianggap melakukan hubungan seks di luar pernikahan meski si perempuan dipaksa. Hubungan semacam itu tetap dianggap sebagai perzinahan, sebuah "kejahatan moral".
Imaginer » Timbul pada imaginasi seseorang saja, dan tidak ada secara realitas
Contoh :
“Saya menulis terisnpirasi LED TV 3D LG (IMAJINASI)”
Imajinasi ialah salah satu zona ego yang merdeka yang dimiliki seseorang dalam hidupnya.
Imajinasi terkadang mengerikan namun lebih sering dibutuhkan, dalam kasus ini Imajinasi banyak mengispirasi berbagai macam penemuan. contoh novel-novel karya sastra Jules Verne mampu membimbing ilmuwan J.D Watson menemukan DNA. Lalu penemuan lainnya seperti Balon udara, kapal selam nuklir, hujan buatan, hingga rudal sepertinya berutang pada Imajinasi Jules Verne
Lalu seorang pengarah besar Rusia Leo Tolstoy pengarang penyembah moral melalu karya-karyanya menginspirasi tokoh-tokoh besar dunia sekaliber Mahatma Ghandi hingga Soekarno.
Imajinasi ialah kehidupan atau sebaliknya hidup adalah Imajinasi yang berjalan berdasarkan mimpi-mimpi manusia. Awalnya tidak ada awalnya hanya imajinasi namun kini nyata.
Yang membingungkan bagaimana kemajuan teknologi saat ini bisa berkembang dan perkembangannya bisa dikatakan merupakan buah segar dari pohon imajinasi yang terus di pupuk dan disiram.
Yang saya takutkan jika nanti kita sampai pada khayalan aneh JK Rowling. Yang menggambarkan sebuah bingkai foto yamg kita pajang dirumah bergerak dan berbicara seolah setelah di foto seorang memiliki kehidupan lainnya di dunia yang tidak bisa kita jamah. Mungkin itu bisa saja terjadi karena apa karena saat ini baik tv maupun kamera foto telah menjurus ke jaman 3D. melalui TV 3D jika kalian pernah melihat konser yang direkam oleh kamera 3D.(kemarin saya mencoba itu dari LED 3D TV LG berukuran 47inch milik teman saya) hasilnya sungguh menggetarkan nalar saya.
Mata saya seolah di ajak kedalam konser yang nyata. Seolah saya benar-benar berada di dalam konser tersebut saya tercengan dan beberapa saat saya terus berpikir apakah penemuan ini terinspirasi oleh khayalan JK Rowling dalam novel Harry Potternya dimana seuah foto bergerak dan seolah punya kehidupan didalamnya.
Boleh lah saya mengatakan bahwa hidup ini seharung berjalan seperti kehidupan biasa yang ada dunia imajinasi dan nyata. Di dalam keadaan diri kita yang tenang disanalah imajinasi hadir.
Imajinasi hadir dalam keadaan nyaman.dalam kondisi dimana seseorang mengambil seluruh pikiran dan waktunya untuk dirinya sendiri.bisa dikatakan imajinasi ialah ego.
Bagaimana bukan dikatakan sebagai ego bila pada kenyataanya saat kita membaca sebuah novel kita membangun imajinasi sendiri. lalu marah besar jika novel itu di filmkan tapi tidak sesuai dengan apa yang kita bayangkan.
Dalam berimajinasi manusia layaknya tuhan yang berkehendak
Jumat, 13 Januari 2012
Senin, 17 Oktober 2011
MAKALAH ETIKA PROFESI
TUGAS SOFTSKILL
MAKALAH ETIKA PROFESI
NAMA : FITHRIA PRATIWI KUSUMAWARDANI
KELAS : 4eb10
NPM : 20208520
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
A. Latar Belakang
Profesi adalah suatu hal yang harus dibarengi dengan keahlian dan etika. Meskipun sudah ada aturan yang mengatur tentang kode etik profesi, namun seperti kita lihat saat ini masih sangat banyak terjadi pelanggaran-pelanggaran ataupun penyalah gunaan profesi. Untuk itu penulis akan membahas pengertian dari kode etik profesi dan sanksi atas pelanggaran kode etik profesi.
B. Tujuan
Makalah ini dibuat untuk memenuhi tugas mata kuliah Etika Profesi. Selain itu agar para professional bias menjalankan profesi nya secara baik.
BAB II
PEMBAHASAN
A. ETIKA
Dalam pergaulan hidup bermasyrakat, bernegara hingga pergaulan hidup tingkat internasional diperlukan suatu system yang mengatur bagaimana seharusnya manusia bergaul. Sistem pengaturan pergaulan tersebut menjadi saling menghormati dan dikenal dengan sebutan sopan santun, tata karma, protokoler dan lain-lain. Maksud pedoman pergaulan tidak lain untuk menjaga kepentingan masing-masing yang terlibat agar mereka senang, tenang, tentram, terlindung tanpa merugikan kepentingannya serta terjamin agar perbuatannya yang tengah dijalankan sesuai dengan adat kebiasaan yang berlaku dan tidak bertentangan dengan hak-hak asasi umumnya.
Etika Berasal dari bahasa Yunani Ethos, Yang berarti norma-norma, nilai-nilai, kaidah-kaidah dan ukuran-ukuran bagi tingkah laku manusia yang baik. Etika berkaitan dengan konsep yang dimiliki oleh individu atau masyarakat untuk menilai apakah tindakan-tindakan yang telah dikerjakannya itu salah atau benar, buruk atau baik.
Menurut Martin [1993], etika didefinisikan sebagai "the discipline which can act as the performance index or reference for our control system". Etika adalah refleksi dari apa yang disebut dengan self control", karena segala sesuatunya dibuat dan diterapkan dari dan untuk kepentingan kelompok sosial (profesi) itu sendiri.
Drs.O.P SIMORANGKIR menjelaskan etika atau etik sebagai pandangan manusia dalam berprilaku menurut ukuran dan nilai yang baik. Dan Drs. Sidi Gajalba dalam sistematika filsafat, etika adalah Teori tentang tingkah laku perbuatan manusia dipandang dari segi baik dan buruk, sejauh yang dapat ditentukan oleh akal. Satu lagi pengertian Etika menurut Drs.H. Burhanudin Salam adalah Cabang filsafat yang berbicara mengenai nilai dan norma moral yang menentukan prilaku manusia dalam hidupnya.
• Etika dibedakan menjadi :
a. ETIKA UMUM, berbicara mengenai kondisi-kondisi dasar bagaimana manusia bertindak secara etis, bagaimana manusia mengambil keputusan etis, teori-teori etika dan prinsip-prinsip moral dasar yang menjdai pegangan bagi manusia dalam bertindak serta tolak ukur dalam menilai baik atau buruknya suatu tindakan. Etika umum dapat di analogkan dengan ilmu pengetahuan, yang membahas mengenai pengertian umum dan teori-teori.
b. ETIKA KHUSUS, merupakan penerapan prinsip-prinsip moral dasar dalam bidang kehidupan yang khusus.
B. PROFESI
Istilah profesi telah dimengerti oleh banyak orang bahwa suatu hal yang berkaitan dengan bidang yang sangat dipengaruhi oleh pendidikan dan keahlian, sehingga banyak orang yang bekerja tetap sesuai. Tetapi dengan keahlian saja yang diperoleh dari pendidikan kejuruan, juga belum cukup disebut profesi. Tetapi perlu penguasaan teori sistematis yang mendasari praktek pelaksanaan, dan hubungan antara teori dan penerapan dalam praktek.
Kita tidak hanya mengenal istilah profesi untuk bidangbidang pekerjaan seperti kedokteran, guru, militer, pengacara, dan semacamnya, tetapi meluas sampai mencakup pula bidang seperti manajer, wartawan, pelukis, penyanyi, artis, sekretaris dan sebagainya. Sejalan dengan itu, menurut DE GEORGE, timbul kebingungan mengenai pengertian profesi itu sendiri, sehubungan dengan istilah profesi dan profesional. Kebingungan ini timbul karena banyak orang yang profesional tidak atau belum tentu termasuk dalam pengertian profesi.
C.PENGERTIAN KODE ETIK
Kode yaitu tanda-tanda atau simbol-simbol yang berupa kata-kata, tulisan atau benda yang disepakati untuk maksudmaksud tertentu, misalnya untuk menjamin suatu berita, keputusan atau suatu kesepakatan suatu organisasi. Kode juga dapat berarti kumpulan peraturan yang sistematis
Kode Etik Dapat diartikan pola aturan, tata cara, tanda, pedoman etis dalam melakukan suatu kegiatan atau pekerjaan. Kode etik merupakan pola aturan atau tata cara sebagai pedoman berperilaku.
Dalam kaitannya dengan profesi, bahwa kode etik merupakan tata cara atau aturan yang menjadi standart kegiatan anggota suatu profesi. Suatu kode etik menggambarkan nilai-nilai professional suatu profesi yang diterjemahkan kedalam standaart perilaku anggotanya. Nilai professional paling utama adalah keinginan untuk memberikan pengabdian kepada masyarakat.
Nilai professional dapat disebut juga dengan istilah asas etis.(Chung, 1981 )mengemukakan empat asas etis, yaitu :
(1). Menghargai harkat dan martabat
(2). Peduli dan bertanggung jawab
(3). Integritas dalam hubungan
(4). Tanggung jawab terhadap masyarakat.
Kode etik dijadikan standart aktvitas anggota profesi, kode etik tersebut sekaligus sebagai pedoman (guidelines). Masyarakat pun menjadikan sebagai perdoman dengan tujuan mengantisipasi terjadinya bias interaksi antara anggota profesi. Bias interaksi merupakan monopoli profesi., yaitu memanfaatkan kekuasan dan hak-hak istimewa yang melindungi kepentingan pribadi yang betentangan dengan masyarakat. Oteng/ Sutisna (1986: 364) mendefisikan bahwa kode etik sebagai pedoman yang memaksa perilaku etis anggota profesi.
Konvensi nasional IPBI ke-1 mendefinisikan kode etik sebagai pola ketentuan, aturan, tata cara yang menjadi pedoman dalam menjalankan aktifitas maupun tugas suatu profesi. Bahsannya setiap orang harus menjalankan serta mejiwai akan Pola, Ketentuan, aturan karena pada dasarnya suatu tindakan yang tidak menggunakan kode etik akan berhadapan dengan sanksi.
D. FUNGSI KODE ETIK
Pada dasarnya kode etik memiliki fungsi ganda yaitu sebagai perlindungan dan pengembangan bagi profesi. Fungsi seperti itu sama seperti apa yang dikemukakan Gibson dan Michel (1945 : 449) yang lebih mementingkan pada kode etik sebagai pedoman pelaksanaan tugas prosefional dan pedoman bagi masyarakat sebagai seorang professional.
Biggs dan Blocher ( 1986 : 10) mengemukakan tiga fungsi kode etik yaitu : 1. Melindungi suatu profesi dari campur tangan pemerintah. (2). Mencegah terjadinya pertentangan internal dalam suatu profesi. (3). Melindungi para praktisi dari kesalahan praktik suatu profesi.
Sutan Zahri dan Syahmiar Syahrun (1992) mengemukakan empat fungsi kode etik guru bagi guru itu sendiri, antara lain :
1. Agar guru terhindar dari penyimpangan tugas yang menjadi tanggung jawabnya.
2. Untuk mengatur hubungan guru dengan murid, teman sekerja, masyarakat dan pemerintah.
3. Sebagai pegangan dan pedoman tingkah laku guru agar lebih bertanggung jawab pada profesinya.
4. Penberi arah dan petunjuk yang benar kepada mereka yang menggunakan profesinya dalam melaksanakan tugas.
Kode etik guru sesungguhnya merupakan pedoman yang mengatur hubungan guru dengan teman kerja, murid dan wali murid, pimpinan dan masyarakat serta dengan misi tugasnya. Menurut Oteng Sutisna (1986 : 364) bahwa pentingnya kode etik guru dengan teman kerjanya difungsikan sebagai penghubung serta saling mendukung dalam bidang mensukseskan misi dalam mendidik peserta didik.
Etika hubungan guru dengan peserta didik menuntut terciptanya hubungan berupa helping relationship (Brammer, 1979), yaitu hubungan yang bersifat membantu dengan mengupayakan terjadinya iklim belajar yang kondusif bagi perkembangan peserta didik. Dengan ditandai adanya perilaku4 empati,penerimaan4dan penghargaan, kehangatan dan perhatian, keterbukaan dan ketulusan serta kejelasan ekspresi seorang guru.
Seorang guru apabila ingin menjadi guru yang professional harusnya mendalami serta memiliki etika diatas tersebut.
Etika Hubungan garis dengan pimpinan di sekolah menuntut adanya kepercayaan. Bahwa guru percaya kepada pimpinan dalam meberi tugas dapat dan sesuai dengan kemampuan serta guru percaya setiap apa yang telah dikerjakan mendapatkan imbalan dan sebaliknya bahwa pimpinan harus yakin bahwa tugas yang telah diberikan telah dapat untuk dilaksanakan.
Guru sangat perlu memelihara hubungan baik dengan masyarakat untuk kepentingan pendidikan. Guru juga harus menghayati apa saja yang menjadi tanggung jawab tugasnya.
E. SANKSI PELANGGARAN KODE ETIK
a. Sanksi moral
b. Sanksi dikeluarkan dari organisasi
Kasus-kasus pelanggaran kode etik akan ditindak dan dinilai oleh suatu dewan kehormatan atau komisi yang dibentuk khusus untuk itu. Karena tujuannya adalah mencegah terjadinya perilaku yang tidak etis, seringkali kode etik juga berisikan ketentuan-ketentuan profesional, seperti kewajiban melapor jika ketahuan teman sejawat melanggar kode etik.
Ketentuan itu merupakan akibat logis dari self regulation yang terwujud dalam kode etik; seperti kode itu berasal dari niat profesi mengatur dirinya sendiri, demikian juga diharapkan kesediaan profesi untuk menjalankan kontrol terhadap pelanggar. Namun demikian, dalam praktek sehari-hari control ini tidak berjalan dengan mulus karena rasa solidaritas tertanam kuat dalam anggota-anggota profesi, seorang profesional mudah merasa segan melaporkan teman sejawat yang melakukan pelanggaran. Tetapi dengan perilaku semacam itu solidaritas antar kolega ditempatkan di atas kode etik profesi dan dengan demikian maka kode etik profesi itu tidak tercapai, karena tujuan yang sebenarnya adalah menempatkan etika profesi di atas pertimbanganpertimbangan lain. Lebih lanjut masing-masing pelaksana profesi harus memahami betul tujuan kode etik profesi baru kemudian dapat melaksanakannya.
Kode Etik Profesi merupakan bagian dari etika profesi. Kode etik profesi merupakan lanjutan dari norma-norma yang lebih umum yang telah dibahas dan dirumuskan dalam etika profesi. Kode etik ini lebih memperjelas, mempertegas dan merinci norma-norma ke bentuk yang lebih sempurna walaupun sebenarnya norma-norma tersebut sudah tersirat dalam etika profesi. Dengan demikian kode etik profesi adalah sistem norma atau aturan yang ditulis secara jelas dan tegas serta terperinci tentang apa yang baik dan tidak baik, apa yang benar dan apa yang salah dan perbuatan apa yang dilakukan dan tidak boleh dilakukan oleh seorang professional
F.TUJUAN KODE ETIK PROFESI6
1. Untuk menjunjung tinggi martabat profesi.
2. Untuk menjaga dan memelihara kesejahteraan para anggota.
3. Untuk meningkatkan pengabdian para anggota profesi.
4. Untuk meningkatkan mutu profesi.
5. Untuk meningkatkan mutu organisasi profesi.
6. Meningkatkan layanan di atas keuntungan pribadi.
7. Mempunyai organisasi profesional yang kuat dan terjalin erat.
8. Menentukan baku standarnya sendiri.
G. CONTOH PENERAPAN KODE ETIK
1. Kode Etik Guru
“ Guru memiliki kewajiban untuk membimbing anak didik seutuhnya dengan tujuan membentuk manusia pembangunan yang pancasila”. Inilah bunyi kode etik guru yang perrtama dengan istilah “bebakti membimbing” yang artinya mengabdi tanpa pamrih dan tidak pandang bulu dengan membantu (tanpa paksaan, manusiawi). Istilah seutuhnya lahir batin, secara fisik dan psikis. Jadi guru harus berupaya dalam membentuk manusia pembangunan pancasila harus seutuhnya tanpa pamrih.
1. Kode Etik Guru Pembimbing/ Konselor Sekolah
“ Konselor harus menghormati harkat pribadi, integritas dan keyakinan kliennya”. Apabila kode etik itu telah diterapkan maka konselor ketika berhadapan dalam bidang apapun demi lancarnya pendidikan diharapkan memiliki kepercayaan dengan clientnya dan tidak membuat clientnya merasa terseinggung.
H. YANG AKAN TERJADI JIKA KODE ETIK PROFESI TIDAK ADA
Kode etik profesi berfungsi sebagai pelindung dan pengembangan profesi. Dengan telah adanya kode etik profesi, masih banyak kita temui pelanggaran-pelanggaran ataupun penyalahgunaan profesi. Apalagi jika kode etik profesi tidak ada, maka akan semakin banyak terjadi pelanggaran. Akan semakin banyak terjadi penyalah gunaan profesi.
BAB III
KESIMPULAN
Kode etik bisa dilihat sebagai produk dari etika terapan, sebab dihasilkan berkat penerapan pemikiran etis atas suatu wilayah tertentu, yaitu profesi. Tetapi setelah kode etik ada, pemikiran etis tidak berhenti. Kode etik tidak menggantikan pemikiran etis, tapi sebaliknya selalu didampingi refleksi etis.
Supaya kode etik dapat berfungsi dengan semestinya, salah satu syarat mutlak adalah bahwa kode etik itu dibuat oleh profesi sendiri. Kode etik tidak akan efektif kalau di drop begitu saja dari atas yaitu instansi pemerintah atau instansi-instansi lain; karena tidak akan dijiwai oleh cita-cita dan nilai-nilai yang hidup dalam kalangan profesi itu sendiri. Instansi dari luar bisa menganjurkan membuat kode etik dan barang kali dapat juga membantu dalam merumuskan, tetapi pembuatan kode etik itu sendiri harus dilakukan oleh profesi yang bersangkutan. Supaya dapat berfungsi dengan baik, kode etik itu sendiri harus menjadi hasil SELF REGULATION (pengaturan diri) dari profesi.
Dengan membuat kode etik, profesi sendiri akan menetapkan hitam atas putih niatnya untuk mewujudkan nilai nilai moral yang dianggapnya hakiki. Hal ini tidak akan pernah bisa dipaksakan dari luar. Hanya kode etik yang berisikan nilainilai dan cita-cita yang diterima oleh profesi itu sendiri yang bisa mendarah daging dengannya dan menjadi tumpuan harapan untuk dilaksanakan untuk dilaksanakan juga dengan tekun dan konsekuen. Syarat lain yang harus dipenuhi agar kode etik dapat berhasil dengan baik adalah bahwa pelaksanaannya di awasi terus menerus.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
http://www.tuk.lsp-telematika.or.id/download/203/203.doc
http://www.prastowo.staff.ugm.ac.id/files/konsep-kebijakan-wireless.doc
http://pakgalih.wordpress.com/2009/04/07/pengertian-dan-fungsi-kode-etik/
Diposkan oleh E_3L di 23:09
MAKALAH ETIKA PROFESI
NAMA : FITHRIA PRATIWI KUSUMAWARDANI
KELAS : 4eb10
NPM : 20208520
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
A. Latar Belakang
Profesi adalah suatu hal yang harus dibarengi dengan keahlian dan etika. Meskipun sudah ada aturan yang mengatur tentang kode etik profesi, namun seperti kita lihat saat ini masih sangat banyak terjadi pelanggaran-pelanggaran ataupun penyalah gunaan profesi. Untuk itu penulis akan membahas pengertian dari kode etik profesi dan sanksi atas pelanggaran kode etik profesi.
B. Tujuan
Makalah ini dibuat untuk memenuhi tugas mata kuliah Etika Profesi. Selain itu agar para professional bias menjalankan profesi nya secara baik.
BAB II
PEMBAHASAN
A. ETIKA
Dalam pergaulan hidup bermasyrakat, bernegara hingga pergaulan hidup tingkat internasional diperlukan suatu system yang mengatur bagaimana seharusnya manusia bergaul. Sistem pengaturan pergaulan tersebut menjadi saling menghormati dan dikenal dengan sebutan sopan santun, tata karma, protokoler dan lain-lain. Maksud pedoman pergaulan tidak lain untuk menjaga kepentingan masing-masing yang terlibat agar mereka senang, tenang, tentram, terlindung tanpa merugikan kepentingannya serta terjamin agar perbuatannya yang tengah dijalankan sesuai dengan adat kebiasaan yang berlaku dan tidak bertentangan dengan hak-hak asasi umumnya.
Etika Berasal dari bahasa Yunani Ethos, Yang berarti norma-norma, nilai-nilai, kaidah-kaidah dan ukuran-ukuran bagi tingkah laku manusia yang baik. Etika berkaitan dengan konsep yang dimiliki oleh individu atau masyarakat untuk menilai apakah tindakan-tindakan yang telah dikerjakannya itu salah atau benar, buruk atau baik.
Menurut Martin [1993], etika didefinisikan sebagai "the discipline which can act as the performance index or reference for our control system". Etika adalah refleksi dari apa yang disebut dengan self control", karena segala sesuatunya dibuat dan diterapkan dari dan untuk kepentingan kelompok sosial (profesi) itu sendiri.
Drs.O.P SIMORANGKIR menjelaskan etika atau etik sebagai pandangan manusia dalam berprilaku menurut ukuran dan nilai yang baik. Dan Drs. Sidi Gajalba dalam sistematika filsafat, etika adalah Teori tentang tingkah laku perbuatan manusia dipandang dari segi baik dan buruk, sejauh yang dapat ditentukan oleh akal. Satu lagi pengertian Etika menurut Drs.H. Burhanudin Salam adalah Cabang filsafat yang berbicara mengenai nilai dan norma moral yang menentukan prilaku manusia dalam hidupnya.
• Etika dibedakan menjadi :
a. ETIKA UMUM, berbicara mengenai kondisi-kondisi dasar bagaimana manusia bertindak secara etis, bagaimana manusia mengambil keputusan etis, teori-teori etika dan prinsip-prinsip moral dasar yang menjdai pegangan bagi manusia dalam bertindak serta tolak ukur dalam menilai baik atau buruknya suatu tindakan. Etika umum dapat di analogkan dengan ilmu pengetahuan, yang membahas mengenai pengertian umum dan teori-teori.
b. ETIKA KHUSUS, merupakan penerapan prinsip-prinsip moral dasar dalam bidang kehidupan yang khusus.
B. PROFESI
Istilah profesi telah dimengerti oleh banyak orang bahwa suatu hal yang berkaitan dengan bidang yang sangat dipengaruhi oleh pendidikan dan keahlian, sehingga banyak orang yang bekerja tetap sesuai. Tetapi dengan keahlian saja yang diperoleh dari pendidikan kejuruan, juga belum cukup disebut profesi. Tetapi perlu penguasaan teori sistematis yang mendasari praktek pelaksanaan, dan hubungan antara teori dan penerapan dalam praktek.
Kita tidak hanya mengenal istilah profesi untuk bidangbidang pekerjaan seperti kedokteran, guru, militer, pengacara, dan semacamnya, tetapi meluas sampai mencakup pula bidang seperti manajer, wartawan, pelukis, penyanyi, artis, sekretaris dan sebagainya. Sejalan dengan itu, menurut DE GEORGE, timbul kebingungan mengenai pengertian profesi itu sendiri, sehubungan dengan istilah profesi dan profesional. Kebingungan ini timbul karena banyak orang yang profesional tidak atau belum tentu termasuk dalam pengertian profesi.
C.PENGERTIAN KODE ETIK
Kode yaitu tanda-tanda atau simbol-simbol yang berupa kata-kata, tulisan atau benda yang disepakati untuk maksudmaksud tertentu, misalnya untuk menjamin suatu berita, keputusan atau suatu kesepakatan suatu organisasi. Kode juga dapat berarti kumpulan peraturan yang sistematis
Kode Etik Dapat diartikan pola aturan, tata cara, tanda, pedoman etis dalam melakukan suatu kegiatan atau pekerjaan. Kode etik merupakan pola aturan atau tata cara sebagai pedoman berperilaku.
Dalam kaitannya dengan profesi, bahwa kode etik merupakan tata cara atau aturan yang menjadi standart kegiatan anggota suatu profesi. Suatu kode etik menggambarkan nilai-nilai professional suatu profesi yang diterjemahkan kedalam standaart perilaku anggotanya. Nilai professional paling utama adalah keinginan untuk memberikan pengabdian kepada masyarakat.
Nilai professional dapat disebut juga dengan istilah asas etis.(Chung, 1981 )mengemukakan empat asas etis, yaitu :
(1). Menghargai harkat dan martabat
(2). Peduli dan bertanggung jawab
(3). Integritas dalam hubungan
(4). Tanggung jawab terhadap masyarakat.
Kode etik dijadikan standart aktvitas anggota profesi, kode etik tersebut sekaligus sebagai pedoman (guidelines). Masyarakat pun menjadikan sebagai perdoman dengan tujuan mengantisipasi terjadinya bias interaksi antara anggota profesi. Bias interaksi merupakan monopoli profesi., yaitu memanfaatkan kekuasan dan hak-hak istimewa yang melindungi kepentingan pribadi yang betentangan dengan masyarakat. Oteng/ Sutisna (1986: 364) mendefisikan bahwa kode etik sebagai pedoman yang memaksa perilaku etis anggota profesi.
Konvensi nasional IPBI ke-1 mendefinisikan kode etik sebagai pola ketentuan, aturan, tata cara yang menjadi pedoman dalam menjalankan aktifitas maupun tugas suatu profesi. Bahsannya setiap orang harus menjalankan serta mejiwai akan Pola, Ketentuan, aturan karena pada dasarnya suatu tindakan yang tidak menggunakan kode etik akan berhadapan dengan sanksi.
D. FUNGSI KODE ETIK
Pada dasarnya kode etik memiliki fungsi ganda yaitu sebagai perlindungan dan pengembangan bagi profesi. Fungsi seperti itu sama seperti apa yang dikemukakan Gibson dan Michel (1945 : 449) yang lebih mementingkan pada kode etik sebagai pedoman pelaksanaan tugas prosefional dan pedoman bagi masyarakat sebagai seorang professional.
Biggs dan Blocher ( 1986 : 10) mengemukakan tiga fungsi kode etik yaitu : 1. Melindungi suatu profesi dari campur tangan pemerintah. (2). Mencegah terjadinya pertentangan internal dalam suatu profesi. (3). Melindungi para praktisi dari kesalahan praktik suatu profesi.
Sutan Zahri dan Syahmiar Syahrun (1992) mengemukakan empat fungsi kode etik guru bagi guru itu sendiri, antara lain :
1. Agar guru terhindar dari penyimpangan tugas yang menjadi tanggung jawabnya.
2. Untuk mengatur hubungan guru dengan murid, teman sekerja, masyarakat dan pemerintah.
3. Sebagai pegangan dan pedoman tingkah laku guru agar lebih bertanggung jawab pada profesinya.
4. Penberi arah dan petunjuk yang benar kepada mereka yang menggunakan profesinya dalam melaksanakan tugas.
Kode etik guru sesungguhnya merupakan pedoman yang mengatur hubungan guru dengan teman kerja, murid dan wali murid, pimpinan dan masyarakat serta dengan misi tugasnya. Menurut Oteng Sutisna (1986 : 364) bahwa pentingnya kode etik guru dengan teman kerjanya difungsikan sebagai penghubung serta saling mendukung dalam bidang mensukseskan misi dalam mendidik peserta didik.
Etika hubungan guru dengan peserta didik menuntut terciptanya hubungan berupa helping relationship (Brammer, 1979), yaitu hubungan yang bersifat membantu dengan mengupayakan terjadinya iklim belajar yang kondusif bagi perkembangan peserta didik. Dengan ditandai adanya perilaku4 empati,penerimaan4dan penghargaan, kehangatan dan perhatian, keterbukaan dan ketulusan serta kejelasan ekspresi seorang guru.
Seorang guru apabila ingin menjadi guru yang professional harusnya mendalami serta memiliki etika diatas tersebut.
Etika Hubungan garis dengan pimpinan di sekolah menuntut adanya kepercayaan. Bahwa guru percaya kepada pimpinan dalam meberi tugas dapat dan sesuai dengan kemampuan serta guru percaya setiap apa yang telah dikerjakan mendapatkan imbalan dan sebaliknya bahwa pimpinan harus yakin bahwa tugas yang telah diberikan telah dapat untuk dilaksanakan.
Guru sangat perlu memelihara hubungan baik dengan masyarakat untuk kepentingan pendidikan. Guru juga harus menghayati apa saja yang menjadi tanggung jawab tugasnya.
E. SANKSI PELANGGARAN KODE ETIK
a. Sanksi moral
b. Sanksi dikeluarkan dari organisasi
Kasus-kasus pelanggaran kode etik akan ditindak dan dinilai oleh suatu dewan kehormatan atau komisi yang dibentuk khusus untuk itu. Karena tujuannya adalah mencegah terjadinya perilaku yang tidak etis, seringkali kode etik juga berisikan ketentuan-ketentuan profesional, seperti kewajiban melapor jika ketahuan teman sejawat melanggar kode etik.
Ketentuan itu merupakan akibat logis dari self regulation yang terwujud dalam kode etik; seperti kode itu berasal dari niat profesi mengatur dirinya sendiri, demikian juga diharapkan kesediaan profesi untuk menjalankan kontrol terhadap pelanggar. Namun demikian, dalam praktek sehari-hari control ini tidak berjalan dengan mulus karena rasa solidaritas tertanam kuat dalam anggota-anggota profesi, seorang profesional mudah merasa segan melaporkan teman sejawat yang melakukan pelanggaran. Tetapi dengan perilaku semacam itu solidaritas antar kolega ditempatkan di atas kode etik profesi dan dengan demikian maka kode etik profesi itu tidak tercapai, karena tujuan yang sebenarnya adalah menempatkan etika profesi di atas pertimbanganpertimbangan lain. Lebih lanjut masing-masing pelaksana profesi harus memahami betul tujuan kode etik profesi baru kemudian dapat melaksanakannya.
Kode Etik Profesi merupakan bagian dari etika profesi. Kode etik profesi merupakan lanjutan dari norma-norma yang lebih umum yang telah dibahas dan dirumuskan dalam etika profesi. Kode etik ini lebih memperjelas, mempertegas dan merinci norma-norma ke bentuk yang lebih sempurna walaupun sebenarnya norma-norma tersebut sudah tersirat dalam etika profesi. Dengan demikian kode etik profesi adalah sistem norma atau aturan yang ditulis secara jelas dan tegas serta terperinci tentang apa yang baik dan tidak baik, apa yang benar dan apa yang salah dan perbuatan apa yang dilakukan dan tidak boleh dilakukan oleh seorang professional
F.TUJUAN KODE ETIK PROFESI6
1. Untuk menjunjung tinggi martabat profesi.
2. Untuk menjaga dan memelihara kesejahteraan para anggota.
3. Untuk meningkatkan pengabdian para anggota profesi.
4. Untuk meningkatkan mutu profesi.
5. Untuk meningkatkan mutu organisasi profesi.
6. Meningkatkan layanan di atas keuntungan pribadi.
7. Mempunyai organisasi profesional yang kuat dan terjalin erat.
8. Menentukan baku standarnya sendiri.
G. CONTOH PENERAPAN KODE ETIK
1. Kode Etik Guru
“ Guru memiliki kewajiban untuk membimbing anak didik seutuhnya dengan tujuan membentuk manusia pembangunan yang pancasila”. Inilah bunyi kode etik guru yang perrtama dengan istilah “bebakti membimbing” yang artinya mengabdi tanpa pamrih dan tidak pandang bulu dengan membantu (tanpa paksaan, manusiawi). Istilah seutuhnya lahir batin, secara fisik dan psikis. Jadi guru harus berupaya dalam membentuk manusia pembangunan pancasila harus seutuhnya tanpa pamrih.
1. Kode Etik Guru Pembimbing/ Konselor Sekolah
“ Konselor harus menghormati harkat pribadi, integritas dan keyakinan kliennya”. Apabila kode etik itu telah diterapkan maka konselor ketika berhadapan dalam bidang apapun demi lancarnya pendidikan diharapkan memiliki kepercayaan dengan clientnya dan tidak membuat clientnya merasa terseinggung.
H. YANG AKAN TERJADI JIKA KODE ETIK PROFESI TIDAK ADA
Kode etik profesi berfungsi sebagai pelindung dan pengembangan profesi. Dengan telah adanya kode etik profesi, masih banyak kita temui pelanggaran-pelanggaran ataupun penyalahgunaan profesi. Apalagi jika kode etik profesi tidak ada, maka akan semakin banyak terjadi pelanggaran. Akan semakin banyak terjadi penyalah gunaan profesi.
BAB III
KESIMPULAN
Kode etik bisa dilihat sebagai produk dari etika terapan, sebab dihasilkan berkat penerapan pemikiran etis atas suatu wilayah tertentu, yaitu profesi. Tetapi setelah kode etik ada, pemikiran etis tidak berhenti. Kode etik tidak menggantikan pemikiran etis, tapi sebaliknya selalu didampingi refleksi etis.
Supaya kode etik dapat berfungsi dengan semestinya, salah satu syarat mutlak adalah bahwa kode etik itu dibuat oleh profesi sendiri. Kode etik tidak akan efektif kalau di drop begitu saja dari atas yaitu instansi pemerintah atau instansi-instansi lain; karena tidak akan dijiwai oleh cita-cita dan nilai-nilai yang hidup dalam kalangan profesi itu sendiri. Instansi dari luar bisa menganjurkan membuat kode etik dan barang kali dapat juga membantu dalam merumuskan, tetapi pembuatan kode etik itu sendiri harus dilakukan oleh profesi yang bersangkutan. Supaya dapat berfungsi dengan baik, kode etik itu sendiri harus menjadi hasil SELF REGULATION (pengaturan diri) dari profesi.
Dengan membuat kode etik, profesi sendiri akan menetapkan hitam atas putih niatnya untuk mewujudkan nilai nilai moral yang dianggapnya hakiki. Hal ini tidak akan pernah bisa dipaksakan dari luar. Hanya kode etik yang berisikan nilainilai dan cita-cita yang diterima oleh profesi itu sendiri yang bisa mendarah daging dengannya dan menjadi tumpuan harapan untuk dilaksanakan untuk dilaksanakan juga dengan tekun dan konsekuen. Syarat lain yang harus dipenuhi agar kode etik dapat berhasil dengan baik adalah bahwa pelaksanaannya di awasi terus menerus.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
http://www.tuk.lsp-telematika.or.id/download/203/203.doc
http://www.prastowo.staff.ugm.ac.id/files/konsep-kebijakan-wireless.doc
http://pakgalih.wordpress.com/2009/04/07/pengertian-dan-fungsi-kode-etik/
Diposkan oleh E_3L di 23:09
Minggu, 05 Juni 2011
Artikel 10 Bahasa Inggris II
Journalist risk their life in Pakistan
The recent killing of Syed Saleem Shehzad, who was a Bureau Chief of Asia Times Online (Hong Kong) & was also the correspondent of Italian news agency Adnkronos (AKI) for South Asia was gone missing from Islamabad on 29th May 2011 whom police found his body on 31st May 2011 lying dead in the canal of Mandi Bahauddin district 6kms away from his car which was found at Sarai Alamgir 150km away from Islamabad. Shehzad was born on 3rd November 1970 in modern day Pakistan to parents Mr Shamim Ahmad and Marifa Mairaj Fatima whose history dates back to Mughal Empire Court rooms where his ancestors had served & enjoyed social status & a respected life in British India. The killing of him has sent shock waves across the media world in Pakistan who still facing a complete national failure which not only now disturbing the national security but also the global stability.
Shehzad is not the only person who was affected by the turmoil but there are others who too have lost their lives while just performing their mere duty to serve their nation in a better way & to address the public outcry of their people. The phenomenon started way back in 2001 when Daniel Pearl of Wall Street Journal was beheaded by then some radical mindsets in this nation since then the journalists have become an easy targets of their barrels where even police & defense forces also involved in the bloodshed of these investigators.
Shehzad had started the trend & practice of investigative journalism in Pakistan. In his career he had revealed & interviewed many terrorists’ leaders even before the world came to know about them. He spent few days in captivity under Taliban, of which he described the days & exp in his writings.
Prior to his death & on being suspicious about ISI (Inter Service Intelligence) an intelligence agency of Pakistan he wrote to Human Rights Watch about his fears of getting detained by ISI.
His death has proven the fact now that even the government authorities & security / intelligence agencies are too involved in the murders of numerous journalists in Pakistan. This exposes the nexus & complexities which creates the environment for journalism in Pakistan dangerous for every practicing personnel. Now with the proven facts by investigations into other cases & letter a Researcher of Human Rights Watch Ali Dayan Hassan has demanded a full scale inquiry into his killings & possible involvement in other killings of journalists.
In the last two years more than 30 journalists & media personnel have been target of violence in very surprisingly & suspicious manner where most of the cases are being in tribal dominated belt of Pakistan which is in the grip of fundamentalist & terrorist organization though showed in the governed & administered territories but are in reality controlled by the anti social elements raging a war against the republic in their own fashion.
The regime of Zardari & Gilani has now become a mere puppet chairs who just being governed by the fundamentalist groups & terror outfits. The weakening political scenario has lead to miserable & dangerous situation for Press Freedom in Pakistan which now stands at the cross roads of do or die for The increase in violence against journalist & media outlets is the result of their anti social activities which are being regularly coming under media & public scanner.
These developments have now started threatening the very existence of press freedom in Pakistan which is still at the nascent stage struggling to get the first hand experience in investigative journalism. The lack of proper framework makes the whole situation more challenging where the threats are not only from anti social elements & state sponsor of terrorism bodies but also from defense forces & politicians who sometimes to save their corrupt image orders the killings of the innocent journalists of their own soil & brotherhood.
The private news agencies face regular threats from all corners of Pakistan. They come across lots of challenges in terms of coverage & broadcasting while reporting on serious & dramatic issues. The basic need which media lacks is the strategic framework to work in the disturbed environment especially in areas where skills & training is needed to cover the incidents & story throughout. Absence of ethical journalism is another problem which sometimes results in the persecution & defamation of certain media outlets & their workers.
Though there are many good institutes imparting knowledge of mass communication & in particular journalism but the actual reality is still untouched by these centers.
There is other problem & it is that of the media integration with defense forces & intelligence agencies which if established with as a nexus on coordination level then it will provide a proper safety structure & guidelines for broadcast & news coverage execution in the concerned areas. Which will also enhance the information availability & without any intimidation without disturbing the focused elements there in a prescribed framework. Interfering nature of the intelligence agencies into the information collection makes the matters worse. The judicial framework must be set by the government in order to limit the role of intelligence agencies & other bodies in the national affairs & fundamental rights of public / press.
We condemn the slow progress of reform process & non consideration of media rights in Pakistan. A nation stands strong if its media is safe & feels free to work throughout. Freedom of speech is necessary for building a healthy nation with strong public involvement in development process.
The government should provide the proper strategic framework for journalists as per the current situation in the state where journalists lives can be saved & protected from the insane acts of prosecution which not only kills the person but also the humanity if they are curbing a independent voice made for people of the nation who was formed with a dream which was never fulfilled & believed by his own founders & the nation who have betrayed his own people every time they want to be part of national affairs. Media rights must be respected at all cost which is important if a public & nations wants to progress & build a better future. The breaching of fundamentals leads to larger differences which disturbs the whole scenario of peace which everyone wants to live at least once in his life. Voice of Media is the voice of public & nation if it is being curbed & suppressed just to save their own corrupt personalities then the day is not far when these greedy souls of the soil will sell of their nation & will settle down in some foreign shelter.
The recent killing of Syed Saleem Shehzad, who was a Bureau Chief of Asia Times Online (Hong Kong) & was also the correspondent of Italian news agency Adnkronos (AKI) for South Asia was gone missing from Islamabad on 29th May 2011 whom police found his body on 31st May 2011 lying dead in the canal of Mandi Bahauddin district 6kms away from his car which was found at Sarai Alamgir 150km away from Islamabad. Shehzad was born on 3rd November 1970 in modern day Pakistan to parents Mr Shamim Ahmad and Marifa Mairaj Fatima whose history dates back to Mughal Empire Court rooms where his ancestors had served & enjoyed social status & a respected life in British India. The killing of him has sent shock waves across the media world in Pakistan who still facing a complete national failure which not only now disturbing the national security but also the global stability.
Shehzad is not the only person who was affected by the turmoil but there are others who too have lost their lives while just performing their mere duty to serve their nation in a better way & to address the public outcry of their people. The phenomenon started way back in 2001 when Daniel Pearl of Wall Street Journal was beheaded by then some radical mindsets in this nation since then the journalists have become an easy targets of their barrels where even police & defense forces also involved in the bloodshed of these investigators.
Shehzad had started the trend & practice of investigative journalism in Pakistan. In his career he had revealed & interviewed many terrorists’ leaders even before the world came to know about them. He spent few days in captivity under Taliban, of which he described the days & exp in his writings.
Prior to his death & on being suspicious about ISI (Inter Service Intelligence) an intelligence agency of Pakistan he wrote to Human Rights Watch about his fears of getting detained by ISI.
His death has proven the fact now that even the government authorities & security / intelligence agencies are too involved in the murders of numerous journalists in Pakistan. This exposes the nexus & complexities which creates the environment for journalism in Pakistan dangerous for every practicing personnel. Now with the proven facts by investigations into other cases & letter a Researcher of Human Rights Watch Ali Dayan Hassan has demanded a full scale inquiry into his killings & possible involvement in other killings of journalists.
In the last two years more than 30 journalists & media personnel have been target of violence in very surprisingly & suspicious manner where most of the cases are being in tribal dominated belt of Pakistan which is in the grip of fundamentalist & terrorist organization though showed in the governed & administered territories but are in reality controlled by the anti social elements raging a war against the republic in their own fashion.
The regime of Zardari & Gilani has now become a mere puppet chairs who just being governed by the fundamentalist groups & terror outfits. The weakening political scenario has lead to miserable & dangerous situation for Press Freedom in Pakistan which now stands at the cross roads of do or die for The increase in violence against journalist & media outlets is the result of their anti social activities which are being regularly coming under media & public scanner.
These developments have now started threatening the very existence of press freedom in Pakistan which is still at the nascent stage struggling to get the first hand experience in investigative journalism. The lack of proper framework makes the whole situation more challenging where the threats are not only from anti social elements & state sponsor of terrorism bodies but also from defense forces & politicians who sometimes to save their corrupt image orders the killings of the innocent journalists of their own soil & brotherhood.
The private news agencies face regular threats from all corners of Pakistan. They come across lots of challenges in terms of coverage & broadcasting while reporting on serious & dramatic issues. The basic need which media lacks is the strategic framework to work in the disturbed environment especially in areas where skills & training is needed to cover the incidents & story throughout. Absence of ethical journalism is another problem which sometimes results in the persecution & defamation of certain media outlets & their workers.
Though there are many good institutes imparting knowledge of mass communication & in particular journalism but the actual reality is still untouched by these centers.
There is other problem & it is that of the media integration with defense forces & intelligence agencies which if established with as a nexus on coordination level then it will provide a proper safety structure & guidelines for broadcast & news coverage execution in the concerned areas. Which will also enhance the information availability & without any intimidation without disturbing the focused elements there in a prescribed framework. Interfering nature of the intelligence agencies into the information collection makes the matters worse. The judicial framework must be set by the government in order to limit the role of intelligence agencies & other bodies in the national affairs & fundamental rights of public / press.
We condemn the slow progress of reform process & non consideration of media rights in Pakistan. A nation stands strong if its media is safe & feels free to work throughout. Freedom of speech is necessary for building a healthy nation with strong public involvement in development process.
The government should provide the proper strategic framework for journalists as per the current situation in the state where journalists lives can be saved & protected from the insane acts of prosecution which not only kills the person but also the humanity if they are curbing a independent voice made for people of the nation who was formed with a dream which was never fulfilled & believed by his own founders & the nation who have betrayed his own people every time they want to be part of national affairs. Media rights must be respected at all cost which is important if a public & nations wants to progress & build a better future. The breaching of fundamentals leads to larger differences which disturbs the whole scenario of peace which everyone wants to live at least once in his life. Voice of Media is the voice of public & nation if it is being curbed & suppressed just to save their own corrupt personalities then the day is not far when these greedy souls of the soil will sell of their nation & will settle down in some foreign shelter.
Artikel 9 Bahasa Inggris II
Why University Students Should Have Relationship
“I don’t know why you men are so in a rush in having girlfriends,” said a college friend to me several months ago, responding to the news that both my best friend and I have just officially announce our new relationship statuses.
“We the women are still relaxed by the way –no need to be so hasty,” she said while her best friend, who sat beside her, laughing and nodding in agreement.
Ironically, two months after that conversation, her friend –the very same friend who laughed and nodded in agreement to her statement– decided to betray her, said goodbye to single life, and finally had a boyfriend.
And in contrast to her argument, it seems to me that last-year university students are really hasty in having boyfriends or girlfriends now –at least from the trend which I have been observing right now. Funny that lately we are currently witnessing a sudden rise of friends who are changing their Facebook statuses from ‘single’ to ‘in a relationship’, especially some friends of mine who are currently last-year students in the university.
Yet those are the people who are making the right decision: Because university life, statistically speaking, offers you the biggest probability to have boyfriend or girlfriend.
In my faculty, for example, I have roughly 600 peers who are in the same year of study. Due to the fact that most of us had to take the same college classes for the first two years of study, or join some committees or student organizations together, it is almost impossible for me if I do not know each of them –or, at least, recognize their faces.
As I become older, my faculty welcomes 600 new people every year, which means throughout my four year in university I could establish a huge network consisting of 2400 people. That number only comprises same-year or younger students, and you could also add hundreds of senior students whom I could know from joining the same organizations or student committees.
Therefore, if you are an economics student in my university and want to have a girlfriend or boyfriend in your four-year period of studying there; you have approximately 3000 different options to be chosen.
But how about in workplace? Most likely there you would not encounter people as much as in the university, unless you are a government official (PNS) who works in a inefficiently big office consisting of 1000 staffs –half of which are already married. If you ask university seniors who have worked already in offices, you will realize that most of the workplaces only have 20-30 people in one department and, unfortunately, you will have to meet those same people everyday.
Also, let’s not forget the bitter truth that life in the office or workplace is, without doubt, more demanding and time-consuming. You definitely have less time to care about relationships if you decide to work in bank or public accountant firm, which will possibly strap you on your seats, in front of your computer screen, for 6-7 hours a day –leaving you with almost no time to meet new people outside of your working partners.
A friend of mine who had an intern with a prominent accounting firm shared to me how her 27-year-old senior there was very anxious because his parents already asked him to find a spouse and get married –while in fact that senior accountant was still single and had not even had a serious relationship yet.
I also befriend some senior people in mid 30s and 40s in Facebook who are currently still single because (maybe) they were too selective in their college times. Personally, I feel sympathy for them as I wonder how frustrating it must be when they have to listen to intense pressure from their parents and people around them, “Why are you still single? When will you get married?”
If you want to start looking for life partner, university life could be your best shot. This notion is especially supported by the fact that some friends of mine have parents who met and started dating since in university.
Of course, this does not mean that meeting your soulmate in working environment is practically impossible. I have known some college seniors of mine who had not had any relationship in university, yet when they entered working environment they finally got boyfriends or girlfriends. And there are some friends of mine whose parents met and started dating in workplace too.
Well, they are lucky to finally find their soulmates. How about if you are not that lucky, and your single life is aggravated with the reality that you work in a bank or accounting firm whose daily works require you to sit in front of the computer screen for 7 hours a week, and interacting with only 30 people in your office department?
If that time comes maybe you will regret that during your times in university you have been too relax and too selective by setting the standards way too high to have relationships.
You will regret that you used to have 3000 options to choose in university; while now you only have no more than 30 options in your workplace –half of which are perhaps already married.
“I don’t know why you men are so in a rush in having girlfriends,” said a college friend to me several months ago, responding to the news that both my best friend and I have just officially announce our new relationship statuses.
“We the women are still relaxed by the way –no need to be so hasty,” she said while her best friend, who sat beside her, laughing and nodding in agreement.
Ironically, two months after that conversation, her friend –the very same friend who laughed and nodded in agreement to her statement– decided to betray her, said goodbye to single life, and finally had a boyfriend.
And in contrast to her argument, it seems to me that last-year university students are really hasty in having boyfriends or girlfriends now –at least from the trend which I have been observing right now. Funny that lately we are currently witnessing a sudden rise of friends who are changing their Facebook statuses from ‘single’ to ‘in a relationship’, especially some friends of mine who are currently last-year students in the university.
Yet those are the people who are making the right decision: Because university life, statistically speaking, offers you the biggest probability to have boyfriend or girlfriend.
In my faculty, for example, I have roughly 600 peers who are in the same year of study. Due to the fact that most of us had to take the same college classes for the first two years of study, or join some committees or student organizations together, it is almost impossible for me if I do not know each of them –or, at least, recognize their faces.
As I become older, my faculty welcomes 600 new people every year, which means throughout my four year in university I could establish a huge network consisting of 2400 people. That number only comprises same-year or younger students, and you could also add hundreds of senior students whom I could know from joining the same organizations or student committees.
Therefore, if you are an economics student in my university and want to have a girlfriend or boyfriend in your four-year period of studying there; you have approximately 3000 different options to be chosen.
But how about in workplace? Most likely there you would not encounter people as much as in the university, unless you are a government official (PNS) who works in a inefficiently big office consisting of 1000 staffs –half of which are already married. If you ask university seniors who have worked already in offices, you will realize that most of the workplaces only have 20-30 people in one department and, unfortunately, you will have to meet those same people everyday.
Also, let’s not forget the bitter truth that life in the office or workplace is, without doubt, more demanding and time-consuming. You definitely have less time to care about relationships if you decide to work in bank or public accountant firm, which will possibly strap you on your seats, in front of your computer screen, for 6-7 hours a day –leaving you with almost no time to meet new people outside of your working partners.
A friend of mine who had an intern with a prominent accounting firm shared to me how her 27-year-old senior there was very anxious because his parents already asked him to find a spouse and get married –while in fact that senior accountant was still single and had not even had a serious relationship yet.
I also befriend some senior people in mid 30s and 40s in Facebook who are currently still single because (maybe) they were too selective in their college times. Personally, I feel sympathy for them as I wonder how frustrating it must be when they have to listen to intense pressure from their parents and people around them, “Why are you still single? When will you get married?”
If you want to start looking for life partner, university life could be your best shot. This notion is especially supported by the fact that some friends of mine have parents who met and started dating since in university.
Of course, this does not mean that meeting your soulmate in working environment is practically impossible. I have known some college seniors of mine who had not had any relationship in university, yet when they entered working environment they finally got boyfriends or girlfriends. And there are some friends of mine whose parents met and started dating in workplace too.
Well, they are lucky to finally find their soulmates. How about if you are not that lucky, and your single life is aggravated with the reality that you work in a bank or accounting firm whose daily works require you to sit in front of the computer screen for 7 hours a week, and interacting with only 30 people in your office department?
If that time comes maybe you will regret that during your times in university you have been too relax and too selective by setting the standards way too high to have relationships.
You will regret that you used to have 3000 options to choose in university; while now you only have no more than 30 options in your workplace –half of which are perhaps already married.
Artikel 8 Bahasa Inggri II
KPK urged to question Central Jakarta District Court chief
Following the arrest of judge Syarifuddin, the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) should also question the Central Jakarta District Court chief Syahrial Sidik, Syarifuddin’s close friend.
“Syahrial could explain the track record of Syarifuddin. Based on information we have, Syarifuddin is the man Syahrial really trusts,” House of Representatives commission III chairman Benny K. Harman said as quoted by tribunnews.com on Monday.
Syarifuddin was captured red-handed by KPK when he was about to receive a bribe at his house last week. He faces dismissal from the Supreme Court.
The Indonesia Corruption Watch (ICW) followed up the arrest by issuing a track record of Syarifuddin when presiding over graft cases. He acquitted 39 graft suspects.
Following the arrest of judge Syarifuddin, the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) should also question the Central Jakarta District Court chief Syahrial Sidik, Syarifuddin’s close friend.
“Syahrial could explain the track record of Syarifuddin. Based on information we have, Syarifuddin is the man Syahrial really trusts,” House of Representatives commission III chairman Benny K. Harman said as quoted by tribunnews.com on Monday.
Syarifuddin was captured red-handed by KPK when he was about to receive a bribe at his house last week. He faces dismissal from the Supreme Court.
The Indonesia Corruption Watch (ICW) followed up the arrest by issuing a track record of Syarifuddin when presiding over graft cases. He acquitted 39 graft suspects.
Artikel 7 Bahasa Inggris II
Bakrie cool on "Mr. A" allegations
Golkar Party chairman Aburizal "Ical" Bakrie says he is not worried about rumors naming him "Mr. A", the anonymous architect of the political turmoil currently engulfing the Democratic Party.
"It doesn't bother me. We don't know who it is, do we? There are lots of people with the initial A," Bakrie said on Sunday as quoted by kompas.com.
Ical said questions on the anonymous mastermind's identity should be directed to Ramadhan Pohan, the Democratic Party politician who first mentioned "Mr. A".
"There are many 'As'. There is [Democratic Party chairman] Anas Urbaningrum, [deputy chairman] Ahmad Mubarok, Aburizal Bakrie, [Golkar patron] Akbar Tanjung and others," Ical said. "They all have the initial 'A' so [Pohan] better just say who it is."
Ical declined to comment further. "It's an internal matter. I will not interfere with the Democrats' internal issues. I only hope one thing: that the Golkar Party wins the election," he said.
Democratic Party deputy secretary-general Ramadhan Pohan said on Wednesday that someone outside the party, who he identified only as "Mr. A", was using Democratic Party members to destroy the party from within.
Golkar Party chairman Aburizal "Ical" Bakrie says he is not worried about rumors naming him "Mr. A", the anonymous architect of the political turmoil currently engulfing the Democratic Party.
"It doesn't bother me. We don't know who it is, do we? There are lots of people with the initial A," Bakrie said on Sunday as quoted by kompas.com.
Ical said questions on the anonymous mastermind's identity should be directed to Ramadhan Pohan, the Democratic Party politician who first mentioned "Mr. A".
"There are many 'As'. There is [Democratic Party chairman] Anas Urbaningrum, [deputy chairman] Ahmad Mubarok, Aburizal Bakrie, [Golkar patron] Akbar Tanjung and others," Ical said. "They all have the initial 'A' so [Pohan] better just say who it is."
Ical declined to comment further. "It's an internal matter. I will not interfere with the Democrats' internal issues. I only hope one thing: that the Golkar Party wins the election," he said.
Democratic Party deputy secretary-general Ramadhan Pohan said on Wednesday that someone outside the party, who he identified only as "Mr. A", was using Democratic Party members to destroy the party from within.
Artikel 6 Bahasa Inggris II
India Health Costs a crisis Impoverishing Millions
ALIGARH, India (AP) — When Nasir Khan cried out at night from the searing pain of kidney stones, the entire slum could hear him.
A magic healer promised an inexpensive cure through chanting while pinching his side where the kidney stones were lodged, but it only made it worse. His condition became life-threatening, and doctors said he would need surgery for a fourth time.
The operation cost him — and his extended family — their home.
Without insurance and unable to get a loan, they sold the broken brick shack in the industrial north Indian city of Aligarh for 250,000 rupees, or about $5,500. It had been home to the 35-year-old Khan, his four brothers, three wives and 11 children.
"There is no choice. It is my life," Khan said in gasps, writhing atop a crude wooden cot as his relatives hovered helplessly nearby. He screamed for his mother. He screamed for Allah. He screamed for anyone to deliver him from the pain.
His story is repeated so often across India it evokes little sympathy, yet it represents one of the biggest threats to India's battle to lift its poor up from squalor.
Each year, the cost of health care pushes some 39 million people back into poverty, according to a study published in the Lancet medical journal. Patients shoulder up to 80 percent of India's medical costs. Their share averages about $66 (3,000 rupees) annually per person — a crippling sum for the 800 million or so Indians living on less than $2 a day.
A diagnosis of asthma, a broken leg or a complicated childbirth can mean having to choose between medicine or food, spending on treatment or relying on prayer.
"We are too poor," Khan's uncle Bhuere Khan said. His aunt Rafiquan Mohammed offered another justification for selling the house, as if one were needed: "He has to live. He has small children."
___
While India boasts an economic growth rate near 9 percent, the wealth has done little to help millions burdened by poverty and disease. The poor, aside from struggling to afford care, also face extreme shortages of doctors and medicines.
The situation is particularly dire in rural areas, where more than 70 percent of the country's 1.2 billion people live. Some desperate patients resort to seeing quacks. Others pay bribes. Many simply don't seek help until it is too late.
The World Bank and other experts have warned that failure to address the country's health care woes could take a toll on long-term growth — especially as two-thirds of the population is under 35 and would form the backbone of India's work force for decades.
Yet India's government spends comparatively little on health care: just 1.1 percent of the country's GDP, a figure that hasn't changed much since 2006 when China was spending 1.9 percent; Russia, 3.3 percent and Brazil, 3.5 percent, according to World Health Organization figures.
"The political will is simply not there yet. We have to help realign the country's priorities," said Dr. K. Srinath Reddy, president of the Public Health Foundation of India and part of a government-commissioned committee recommending reforms.
Statistics that might highlight areas of need are scarce, thanks to erratic case reporting, few autopsies and a tradition of quick cremation that destroys evidence of disease. WHO reports often leave India out for lack of data. A recent study in the Lancet suggests malaria deaths could be 10 times higher than estimated.
India, which says hospital costs impoverish a quarter of all patients, has vowed to raise spending on health to 3 percent of GDP by 2015 and provide universal primary health care — but it's an unfilled promise that's been made before.
The Lancet, in a series on India in January, urged the government to double its pledge to 6 percent by 2020 or jeopardize its ability to shake off poverty.
"What is the point of economic success if there is nothing in it for the population?" Lancet editor Richard Horton said. "In a short amount of time you can do a lot — if you have the right leadership, the right administration and the public will. India has the people and it has the funds. We'll see if they can do it."
Meanwhile, India boasts a thriving medical tourism industry with shiny private clinics luring tens of thousands of foreigners for everything from bargain tummy tucks to experimental stem-cell treatments in an industry estimated to be worth nearly 100 billion rupees ($2.3 billion). The pharmaceutical industry is making lifesaving drugs at cut-rate costs, private hospitals are pioneering advances in open-heart surgery and medical schools are churning out physicians eager to work in the West.
For most Indians, however, this is happening in another world.
___
Uttar Pradesh, one of India's poorest states and home to the padlock-manufacturing city of Aligarh, is a land of barren rural landscapes pocked by crumbling mud huts, wandering cattle and roadside shacks selling potato chips and curry.
Its infant mortality rate — 96 of every 1,000 newborns die — makes it one of the worst places on Earth to be born. The average Indian rate is better at 63 but still grim compared with China's 15 deaths out of every 1,000 births.
The state's leader, Mayawati, who uses only one name, rose from India's lowest caste to power and prominence. She calls health care a top priority. Yet since taking office in 2007 she has spent just $224 million on medicines for the state's 195 million people, while spending $569 million to build memorial parks and statues of leading dalits — also known as untouchables — such as herself.
In rural India, the poor often have to walk kilometers (miles) to reach a clinic, with no guarantee of finding a doctor or the medicine they need. On any given day, at least 40 percent of government doctors are absent — often busy moonlighting for higher pay at private clinics. Drug supplies are also erratic; last year, India was short 35 million vaccine doses for diphtheria and 30 million for tetanus, a Health Ministry report said.
Many patients simply rely on traditional holistic medicine approaches such as ayurveda, or seek help from quacks, who have become so common the government uses them as information sources on everything from environmental contamination to polio outbreaks.
They advertise in graffiti scrawled across roadside buildings in rural Uttar Pradesh, promising treatments for venereal disease, erectile dysfunction, urinary tract infections — and charging according to what patients can pay.
Cities such as Aligarh, a three-hour drive east of New Delhi over potholed roads, are somewhat better off. They have hospitals, doctors and drugs — though often in short supply. The government says the nation needs tens of thousands of clinics and 700,000 more doctors.
At Aligarh's Mohan Lal Gautam District Women's Hospital, dozens of women line up each day for a free sterilization procedure that will spare them the risk and cost of having and raising another child.
"It is too much," said 32-year-old Pinky Devi, the frail wife of a rice farmer who said she paid about 20,000 rupees ($450) to have her second daughter in a hospital. "I want to educate my children well. I want a good life. That is why I am here."
The state hospital has only three doctors, who race each day through seeing some 500 patients giving birth, needing operations or seeking treatment for pelvic inflammatory disease and other conditions at subsidized costs. There are 10 vacancies for doctors, but it is all but impossible to find practitioners who will work for 20,000 rupees (about $450) a month when they can make at least double at a private clinic, Chief Medical Officer Dr. Poonam Sharma said.
"We cannot give the patients good treatment," she said. "They won't get the quality time, most maybe just three minutes." More than half of Aligarh's babies are still born at home, often in unsanitary conditions, Sharma said.
The medical community, eager to increase its numbers, has debated ideas such as training ayurveda or yoga practitioners to give basic care, offering bonuses for working in remote areas and recruiting from Africa.
In the meantime, private health care is booming, with clinics and insurance schemes multiplying and driving up costs.
There are piecemeal efforts to help: a national mission launched in 2005 to improve rural care, and some states offering to cover hospital bills for the poorest.
But patients like Ibne Hasan, diagnosed with HIV two years ago, say they have seen no such benefits.
Once employed in the packaging department at Aligarh's lock factory, 35-year-old Hasan has had to sell his two slum plots and all of his belongings save a threadbare armchair, a few tin pots, a worn mattress and a tiny room he shares with his wife and two children. The money has long been spent.
They are shunned by friends and neighbors. With no electricity or stove, they survive on food Hasan's wife brings from her housekeeping work, and use her monthly 1,100 rupee ($25) wage on AIDS drugs for Hasan and asthma medication for their 5-year-old son, who is far too small for his age and may also have HIV.
"When we can, we buy medicine. I haven't gotten one rupee in treatment," Hasan said, as the listless little boy huddled in the room. Laughing children threw pebbles at the shack from outside. "They make all these promises, but they are only promises. I have seen nothing."
ALIGARH, India (AP) — When Nasir Khan cried out at night from the searing pain of kidney stones, the entire slum could hear him.
A magic healer promised an inexpensive cure through chanting while pinching his side where the kidney stones were lodged, but it only made it worse. His condition became life-threatening, and doctors said he would need surgery for a fourth time.
The operation cost him — and his extended family — their home.
Without insurance and unable to get a loan, they sold the broken brick shack in the industrial north Indian city of Aligarh for 250,000 rupees, or about $5,500. It had been home to the 35-year-old Khan, his four brothers, three wives and 11 children.
"There is no choice. It is my life," Khan said in gasps, writhing atop a crude wooden cot as his relatives hovered helplessly nearby. He screamed for his mother. He screamed for Allah. He screamed for anyone to deliver him from the pain.
His story is repeated so often across India it evokes little sympathy, yet it represents one of the biggest threats to India's battle to lift its poor up from squalor.
Each year, the cost of health care pushes some 39 million people back into poverty, according to a study published in the Lancet medical journal. Patients shoulder up to 80 percent of India's medical costs. Their share averages about $66 (3,000 rupees) annually per person — a crippling sum for the 800 million or so Indians living on less than $2 a day.
A diagnosis of asthma, a broken leg or a complicated childbirth can mean having to choose between medicine or food, spending on treatment or relying on prayer.
"We are too poor," Khan's uncle Bhuere Khan said. His aunt Rafiquan Mohammed offered another justification for selling the house, as if one were needed: "He has to live. He has small children."
___
While India boasts an economic growth rate near 9 percent, the wealth has done little to help millions burdened by poverty and disease. The poor, aside from struggling to afford care, also face extreme shortages of doctors and medicines.
The situation is particularly dire in rural areas, where more than 70 percent of the country's 1.2 billion people live. Some desperate patients resort to seeing quacks. Others pay bribes. Many simply don't seek help until it is too late.
The World Bank and other experts have warned that failure to address the country's health care woes could take a toll on long-term growth — especially as two-thirds of the population is under 35 and would form the backbone of India's work force for decades.
Yet India's government spends comparatively little on health care: just 1.1 percent of the country's GDP, a figure that hasn't changed much since 2006 when China was spending 1.9 percent; Russia, 3.3 percent and Brazil, 3.5 percent, according to World Health Organization figures.
"The political will is simply not there yet. We have to help realign the country's priorities," said Dr. K. Srinath Reddy, president of the Public Health Foundation of India and part of a government-commissioned committee recommending reforms.
Statistics that might highlight areas of need are scarce, thanks to erratic case reporting, few autopsies and a tradition of quick cremation that destroys evidence of disease. WHO reports often leave India out for lack of data. A recent study in the Lancet suggests malaria deaths could be 10 times higher than estimated.
India, which says hospital costs impoverish a quarter of all patients, has vowed to raise spending on health to 3 percent of GDP by 2015 and provide universal primary health care — but it's an unfilled promise that's been made before.
The Lancet, in a series on India in January, urged the government to double its pledge to 6 percent by 2020 or jeopardize its ability to shake off poverty.
"What is the point of economic success if there is nothing in it for the population?" Lancet editor Richard Horton said. "In a short amount of time you can do a lot — if you have the right leadership, the right administration and the public will. India has the people and it has the funds. We'll see if they can do it."
Meanwhile, India boasts a thriving medical tourism industry with shiny private clinics luring tens of thousands of foreigners for everything from bargain tummy tucks to experimental stem-cell treatments in an industry estimated to be worth nearly 100 billion rupees ($2.3 billion). The pharmaceutical industry is making lifesaving drugs at cut-rate costs, private hospitals are pioneering advances in open-heart surgery and medical schools are churning out physicians eager to work in the West.
For most Indians, however, this is happening in another world.
___
Uttar Pradesh, one of India's poorest states and home to the padlock-manufacturing city of Aligarh, is a land of barren rural landscapes pocked by crumbling mud huts, wandering cattle and roadside shacks selling potato chips and curry.
Its infant mortality rate — 96 of every 1,000 newborns die — makes it one of the worst places on Earth to be born. The average Indian rate is better at 63 but still grim compared with China's 15 deaths out of every 1,000 births.
The state's leader, Mayawati, who uses only one name, rose from India's lowest caste to power and prominence. She calls health care a top priority. Yet since taking office in 2007 she has spent just $224 million on medicines for the state's 195 million people, while spending $569 million to build memorial parks and statues of leading dalits — also known as untouchables — such as herself.
In rural India, the poor often have to walk kilometers (miles) to reach a clinic, with no guarantee of finding a doctor or the medicine they need. On any given day, at least 40 percent of government doctors are absent — often busy moonlighting for higher pay at private clinics. Drug supplies are also erratic; last year, India was short 35 million vaccine doses for diphtheria and 30 million for tetanus, a Health Ministry report said.
Many patients simply rely on traditional holistic medicine approaches such as ayurveda, or seek help from quacks, who have become so common the government uses them as information sources on everything from environmental contamination to polio outbreaks.
They advertise in graffiti scrawled across roadside buildings in rural Uttar Pradesh, promising treatments for venereal disease, erectile dysfunction, urinary tract infections — and charging according to what patients can pay.
Cities such as Aligarh, a three-hour drive east of New Delhi over potholed roads, are somewhat better off. They have hospitals, doctors and drugs — though often in short supply. The government says the nation needs tens of thousands of clinics and 700,000 more doctors.
At Aligarh's Mohan Lal Gautam District Women's Hospital, dozens of women line up each day for a free sterilization procedure that will spare them the risk and cost of having and raising another child.
"It is too much," said 32-year-old Pinky Devi, the frail wife of a rice farmer who said she paid about 20,000 rupees ($450) to have her second daughter in a hospital. "I want to educate my children well. I want a good life. That is why I am here."
The state hospital has only three doctors, who race each day through seeing some 500 patients giving birth, needing operations or seeking treatment for pelvic inflammatory disease and other conditions at subsidized costs. There are 10 vacancies for doctors, but it is all but impossible to find practitioners who will work for 20,000 rupees (about $450) a month when they can make at least double at a private clinic, Chief Medical Officer Dr. Poonam Sharma said.
"We cannot give the patients good treatment," she said. "They won't get the quality time, most maybe just three minutes." More than half of Aligarh's babies are still born at home, often in unsanitary conditions, Sharma said.
The medical community, eager to increase its numbers, has debated ideas such as training ayurveda or yoga practitioners to give basic care, offering bonuses for working in remote areas and recruiting from Africa.
In the meantime, private health care is booming, with clinics and insurance schemes multiplying and driving up costs.
There are piecemeal efforts to help: a national mission launched in 2005 to improve rural care, and some states offering to cover hospital bills for the poorest.
But patients like Ibne Hasan, diagnosed with HIV two years ago, say they have seen no such benefits.
Once employed in the packaging department at Aligarh's lock factory, 35-year-old Hasan has had to sell his two slum plots and all of his belongings save a threadbare armchair, a few tin pots, a worn mattress and a tiny room he shares with his wife and two children. The money has long been spent.
They are shunned by friends and neighbors. With no electricity or stove, they survive on food Hasan's wife brings from her housekeeping work, and use her monthly 1,100 rupee ($25) wage on AIDS drugs for Hasan and asthma medication for their 5-year-old son, who is far too small for his age and may also have HIV.
"When we can, we buy medicine. I haven't gotten one rupee in treatment," Hasan said, as the listless little boy huddled in the room. Laughing children threw pebbles at the shack from outside. "They make all these promises, but they are only promises. I have seen nothing."
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